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It’s hard to believe, but the Atlantic hurricane season began 189 days ago when Hurricane Alex formed on January 13 and went on to become the strongest hurricane ever to form in the month of January in Atlantic Basin. The early season continued with three landfalling named storms that formed this June, making it easy to assume that an early season means an active season. But an early start to the season does not necessarily mean that the heart of the hurricane season will be active. A current lull in the basin since June 21 and long-range forecasts suggest there is limited opportunity for development for the reminder of July. However, climatology suggests we are not out of the woods yet. Instead, we are only just approaching September 10: the peak of the season when storm formation becomes much more frequent.

This is the time of year when eyes are trained on the massive cloud clusters that move off the West African coastline. These clusters have been limited so far this season. The only movement off this region is massive plumes of Saharan dust.

Current CIMSS Tropical Cyclone Team imagery that is useful for monitoring the position and movement of dry air masses such as the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) and mid-latitude dry air intrusions. Animations of the imagery are useful for tracking these features and can also help identify the source of the dry and/or dusty air that is indicated in the imagery.

In some cases, these dust plumes have traveled all the way to the Texas Gulf Coast. Known as the Saharan Air Layer (SAL), this dry, dusty air has about half the moisture of the typical tropical atmosphere and can discourage the clouds and tropical convection needed for named storm development. Although we still lack a full understanding of how the SAL affects tropical systems, there are likely several reasons why it limits cloud and tropical convection development, and thereby limits the likelihood of named storm development.

• Dry air can enhance downdrafts (sinking air), suppressing convection around the system.
  As tropical waves move off Africa, any resulting convection quickly reaches the bottom of the SAL (typically at altitudes between 5,000 and 15,000 feet); then entrains dry air which limits further convection.

Here is the current 850 mb temperature normalized anomalies which shows that areas of heavy dust have warmed the atmosphere at this level 3 – 5 degrees Fahrenheit.

• Typically atmosphere cools with height, but the SAL absorbs sunlight, which retains warmth and creates an inversion for thousands of miles across the Atlantic basin. This essentially caps the development of the showers and thunderstorms that are needed in tropical cyclone development.
• Dusty conditions can be enhanced by stronger easterly winds that increase wind shear and tilt or outright displace the convection aloft from low-level circulation, thus limiting convection and tropical cyclone development.
• The SAL shields sea surfaces from the sun and can keep the sea surface temperatures cooler than normal across the main development region.

Data suggests decadal variability in the SALs that may impact tropical activity (unfortunately, since the insurance industry doesn’t need another multi-year decadal pattern that could influence tropical cyclone development). Records going back to the 1960s and 1970s that were collected by satellites and island stations (using dust as a tracer) show that SAL activity have ebbed and flowed over the years. In the 1980s, some studies point to quiet periods that coincided with a stretch of increased dust outbreaks. In the 1990’s, dust activity decreased and tropical cyclone activity began ramping up.
At this time it is difficult to say if the dry, dusty air will continue into the heart of the Atlantic Hurricane season which effectively peaks around September 10th. We are only one-third of our way through hurricane season, and June and July are not usually good indicators of what is to come: on average, those months account for only 4% of Atlantic major hurricane activity.

— Philip Klotzbach (@philklotzbach) July 20, 2016

And just as a reminder, the 2004 named storm season didn’t have its first named storm form until August 1, but 2004 ultimately became one of the most active seasons on record for U.S. Florida landfalls.

The insurance industry shouldn’t let its guard down. If the dust persists and Cape Verde storms are hampered by the SAL, storms may instead develop in the western Atlantic which provides a higher likelihood of making U.S. landfall. And given the Western Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico is experiencing record warm surface temperatures and heat content, there is plenty of energy for these storms to become powerful hurricanes should they track over such warm waters.

Total oceanic heat content (called the Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential, or TCHP) in kilojoules per square centimeter (kJ/cm^2), for July 15 for the years 2005 – 2016. TCHP was at near-record or record values over much of the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and waters surrounding the Bahamas in July 2016. TCHP in excess of 90 kJ/cm^2 (orange colors) is commonly associated with rapid intensification of hurricanes. Image credit: NOAA/AOML.

In summary, El Niño is gone and La Niña conditions are slowly building in the Central Pacific, and the SAL is currently hampering development in the main development region of the Atlantic. Long range forecast models remain quiet with little development chances. However, the warm ocean heat content and sea surface temperatures near the U.S. coastline would provide plenty of fuel for a strong hurricane if one were to track over these waters.

After two years of below normal named storm activity in the Atlantic basin most prognostication suggests that the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season will be above average. Many of these forecasts are citing a weakening El Niño and warmer than average seas surface temperatures over much of the Atlantic basin as a reason to expect conditions would slightly favor more named storm activity.

So far the prediction of an active season seems to be holding, with named storm Alex forming in January and most recently tropical storm Bonnie making landfall in South Carolina this past Memorial Day weekend. In fact, 2016 now joins the year 2012 as the only years, since reliable satellite coverage began; to have two named storms form prior to June 1.

Univ. of Miami – Calendar of activity during the Atlantic Hurricane Season

Historically, the average number of named storms to develop in a season is 12, with six reaching hurricane status and three becoming major hurricanes. This year the overall number of named storms will likely be higher due to the lack of El Niño that tends to dampen hurricane formation in the Atlantic by increasing wind shear. In an environment with high wind shear, weak tropical disturbances have a more difficult time reaching into the atmosphere and forming into named storms. A La Niña looks to be rapidly developing and historically this climate forcer has lead to an above normal Atlantic hurricane season, which increase the chances of U.S. landfall named storm activity.

Wildcards

Like most hurricane seasons there are a few wild cards that could factor into more or less storm activity on top of general El Niño/ La Niña influences. One of these factors would be the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) which has two phases: —a high hurricane activity phase and a low hurricane activity phase. Given the decrease of hurricane activity over the past few years, forecasters are uncertain as to whether the high-activity phase, which began in 1995, has ended. If it has, we could continue to see fewer hurricanes despite the otherwise favorable conditions of La Niña and warm ocean water.

Atlantic mutidecadal oscillation from 1950 to 2015

Another wildcard could be the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) which is a mass of very dry, dusty air which forms over the Sahara Desert during the late spring, summer, and early fall and usually moves out over the tropical North Atlantic Ocean every 3-5 days. The SAL can have a significant negative impact on tropical cyclone intensity and formation. Its dry air can act to weaken a tropical cyclone by promoting downdrafts around the storm, while its associated strong winds can substantially increase the vertical wind shear in and around the storm environment also making it difficult for storm formation. The SAL can cover an area the size of the continental U.S. and has been tracked as far west as the Caribbean Sea, Central America, and the Gulf of Mexico.

Current position and movement of dry air masses (SAL) (Orange / Red mean dry air)

Lack of Named storm Landfall forecasts

Many of the seasonal outlooks don’t predict how many storms could make landfall, but there has been a dearth of major hurricane landfalls over nearly the past decade, and even more so the lack of any hurricane landfall of any intensity in Florida since Wilma in 2005. In that time, more than 2.5 million people have moved to Florida who might have no experience preparing for or responding to a landfalling hurricane.

To get an idea of possible landfall areas for this up-coming Atlantic hurricane season some seasonal forecasts use current atmospheric and global sea surface temperature patterns to put together analogs years of past storm tracks. These analog years (1988, 1995, 1998, 2007, 2010, 2012) provide ideas of where storms have tracked when past condition were similar to this years conditions. This year it would appear there will be more named storm activity forming closer the U.S. coastline vs storms forming in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean in the main development region. This would yield a higher chance of named storm / hurricane landfall. The analog years point toward more storm activity in the Western Caribbean Sea which could increase the chances of a storm tracking into the Gulf of Mexico as well.

Storm track maps of the current analog years

In summary NOAA’s outlook is in line with those from other organizations, both academic and private. Last month, Colorado State University research scientist Phil Klotzblach issued an outlook for a nearly-average season. Britain’s Met Office predicts a slightly above average season, as does private weather companies like WeatherBELL Analytics and WSI. The London-based weather consortium Tropical Storm Risk is forecasting a season 40 percent more active than the past 10 years, with 17 named storms, nine hurricanes and four major hurricanes. On the lower side would be the algorithm derived by University of Colorado Boulder which suggests only 6-12 named storms this season.

A Q1 and El Niño wrap up

With winter and Q1, 2016, behind us, the insurance industry can review the active weather pattern and resulting insured losses. As mentioned in my blog post last fall, Florida experienced lots of weather activity, which is typical during strong El Niño winters such as this past one.  However, overall insured losses, while not historic, haven’t been benign either: Q1 losses ran about 31% above the 10-year average insured loss according to my estimates with Texas and the Southern Gulf states taking the brunt of the insured losses.  Although the remarkable blizzard (January 22–24) resulted in limited insured impacts based on the Property Claim Services (PCS) initial estimate, winter storms increased losses in the West.  In fact, the PCS issued four separate bulletins for the state of California more than any other year during the last 10 winter seasons.  Examples like this highlight the relatively predictable impacts of an El Niño winter.

After virtually tying the record for the strongest El Niño (as defined by a three-month running mean sea-surface temperature anomaly in the so-called Niño 3.4 region of the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean), sea-surface temperatures (SST) are steadily cooling. NOAA’s March El Niño outlook suggests this El Niño may be all but gone by late spring or early summer.  In fact, some climate models and a recent government outlook suggest a shift to its opposite, La Niña by this fall.  As a result, the insurance industry needs to consider the potential for higher losses which are often associated with the La Niña phenomenon.

Looking below the surface in the ocean waters in the Central Pacific, you can also see a trend of colder-than-average water working its way eastward across the International Date Line, eating away at the warmer-than-average equatorial Pacific water from below – another sign of a weakening El Niño.  Source: CPC

The unpredictable El Niño-La Niña relationship

Scatterplot showing the relationship in El Niño / La Niña states from one year to the next, for every year since 1950 in which an El Niño occurred. Each dot represents a pair of “year 1 vs. year 2” El Niño / La Niña states. In general, the stronger the El Niño (higher values on the x-axis), the stronger the subsequent La Niña (lower values on the y-axis). For more details and a larger version of the graphic, see the associated ENSO Blog post

El Niño and La Niña events each typically last for only 9-12 months, and they typically recur every 2-7 years, according to Columbia University’s International Research Institute for Climate and Society.  Flip-flops from a strong El Niño to La Niña are not unusual. For example, the record-setting El Niño of 1997-98 was almost immediately followed by La Niña the following summer, reaching moderate-to-strong intensity before finally ending in Spring, 2001. A similar pattern followed the strong El Niño of 1972-73.  However, neutral conditions followed three other strong El Niño’s that occurred in 1982-83, 1965-66 and 1957-58.

What Does It All Mean for the Insurance Industry?

Expect higher losses! If La Niña develops, historical insurance industry losses suggest worldwide impacts, but likely these impacts won’t be fully felt until 2017 when the La Niña is fully developed.  However, there are some broad trends that have shown up in past weakening El Niño events that could give a hint on what to expect in 2016.

Severe Weather Season

Various climate forcers such as North American snowpack, Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Gulf of Mexico SST can influence North American severe weather, muddling the impacts that El Niño or La Niña might have. Disregarding these factors and only looking at past weakening El Niño events that transitioned to La Niña, the data suggests weather will vary based on location. A moderate-to-strong La Niña tends to promote severe weather across the Southeast (conversely, El Niño promotes severe weather in Florida, the high plains of Texas, and up through Colorado to Minnesota).

Although insurance loss data suggest on average a La Niña year sees about double the insured loss that might occur during El Niño years, the reason for increased losses may have more to do with the location of the losses than the severity of the storms. La Niña years seem to favor stronger storms over the Southeast (Dixi Alley). This area is densely populated, which may lead to more claims of severe weather.  But like with any weather peril, even a quiet year can have an EF-5 roll into a city and cause devastation.  In the end, insured losses are largely based on good luck or bad luck.  Example: if the Joplin tornado of 2011 had shifted a few miles south during that La Niña year, no one would talk about it today.

This severe weather season the key could be the summer heat expected in the central Plains and Great Lakes could mix with the wet spring expected in Texas and Louisiana and increase instability leading to storms in the Northern Plains and Ohio River Valley.

Atlantic Hurricane Season 2016

Much hype accompanied last hurricane season due to El Niño’s tendency to produce stronger wind shear, which tends to tear apart developing or mature tropical cyclones and result in less tropical development. Sure enough, June through October, 2015, Caribbean wind shear was the highest on record since 1979, according to Dr. Phil Klotzbach, tropical scientist at Colorado State University (CSU). The team at CSU has also in the past pointed out that the timing makes a big difference:  If a transition to La Niña happens late in the year, it’s less likely to influence the Atlantic hurricane season.  The forecast team at CSU will issue their first outlook for the 2016 Atlantic season on April 14.

However, the CSU team and other leading researches have pointed out that U.S. hurricane impact rises dramatically in a La Niña or neutral season compared to an El Niño season. On an annualized basis since 1950, major hurricane landfall rates during La Niña years are 20% higher than neutral conditions and almost 280% higher than El Niño rates.

General stats of past La Niña and El Niño Atlantic hurricane seasons and the number of landfalls with adjusted historical total insured losses when accounting for all hurricane and tropical storm impacts for those years.

With El Niño potentially vanishing by the start of the 2016 hurricane season, the chance increases for tropical cyclones surviving to make U.S. landfall. If El Niño was the only factor, that is. I expect the team at CSU to discuss El Niño / La Niña, but also discuss the possible switch to a cool mode of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), which might suggest less storm activity in the next decade. This is because the far North Atlantic has been quite cold for about three years, and the SST pattern continues to cool (evolving as it did in the early 1960’s [the last time the AMO switched from a warm phase to cool phase with SST cooling in the North Atlantic and a slow progression of colder anomalies propagating into the tropical Atlantic and with warmer anomalies hanging on closer to the U.S. coastline).

The odds may shift a bit toward a more active Atlantic hurricane season in 2016, but El Niño’s absence doesn’t guarantee that outcome. Since the 2006 season, there have been some very active seasons with very few landfalling hurricanes, and the insurance industry still awaits that major hurricane landfall.

Summary:

El Niño, La Niña, or the lack of either (known as the neutral phase), is only one large-scale forcing on the atmosphere. Its presence or absence does not definitely determine severe weather or hurricane.  Climate models indicate a La Niña will follow the recent powerful El Niño, and we can look at past weather patterns to speculate future impact on particular insurance portfolios.  Right now the best analog years would be 1988, 1995, 1998, 2007, and 2010 during those years PCS losses averaged 10.6B, but what is more important is using those years to understand where the severe weather and hurricanes occurred to get an ideas of what might occur this year.  For example: U.S. landfalling hurricanes were limited, but in almost all those year the western Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico experienced some named storm activity.

Historical hurricane tracks of the 1988, 1995, 1998, 2007, and 2010 hurricane seasons  Source: NOAA Historical Hurricane Tracks

Climate forcers like El Niño and La Niña can help predict the frequency of overall extreme weather activity, but truthfully, long-term predictions about the number of named storms, location of landfall or the power of other severe weather is impossible. The best way for the insurance industry to prepare is to carefully consider the risks and their potential impact. BMS’ weather risk management module in iVision can help carriers better understand their risk and manage portfolio accumulation in areas prone to hurricanes and severe weather. iVision also has tools to track forecasted hurricanes, including detailed hurricane wind fields. It has several severe variables around severe weather which can be combined with hurricane layers to provide a holistic view of an event and help carriers understand the range of potential loss outcomes from extreme weather events.  Learn more about the Hurricane Risk Management Module and Severe Storm Risk Management Module.

If you have been living under a rock the last few days, you might not know that the first big nor’easter of the 2015/2016 winter season is expected to hit the East Coast of the U.S. this weekend. This storm summary will focus on the insured impacts of and provide a historical context for this intensely forecasted event. However, it should be noted that much uncertainty accompanies the forecasts, so predicted impacts could change as the storm develops over the next two days.

The media hyp-o-meter around this storm is at an all-time high due to the fact that there is good agreement among all the various models we use that a big nor’easter is going to happen, and some of its impacts will be major or even record breaking.

It’s official. We’re screwed! @weatherchannel has deployed @JimCantore to the #Capitol for #snowmaggedon2016 pic.twitter.com/DboXSN95Ib

— Bill Clark (@billclarkphotos) January 21, 2016

Collapse from weight of snow
The biggest question that everyone wants answered is how much snow is going to fall. No one can accurately answer that question today, unfortunately. What we do know is that a number of factors will contribute to a high-moisture storm. In other words, there will be a lot of snow. It’s just not possible at this point to say where the most of the snow will fall – but plenty of forecasters are trying! I highly suggest following the local National Weather Services office for the most accurate snowfall forecasts.

NWS human-made snowfall grids look great … continuous like a global forecast model.  Totals thru Sat 7 PM. Source WeatherBell Ryan Maue

So far, the storm has slowly trended south on the weather models. Additionally, it has a very sharp temperature moisture gradient on the north side. Due to the uncertainties on the northern fringe of this storm, there’s going to be a razor thin margin between major snow and conversational snow. However, due to the lack of existing snow pack, collapse due to weight of snow at this point in the season is unlikely to cause insured losses to buildings with standard structural integrity.
Of course the first significant snowfall of the year also means drivers must adapt to slippery conditions which will result in accidents and higher auto related losses. Finally, the snow, ice and wind from this storm could also cause prolonged power outage which could results in insured losses.

Wind and flood risks
Despite the fact that most of the media coverage is focused on snowfall, potentially destructive wind and coastal flooding often go unreported. This storm is big and slow, and due to the tight pressure gradient, as the storm strengthens off the east coast, it will allow for a strong on-shore flow, which could cause damaging wind gusts and storm surge along the coast. Winds and flooding could cause serious issues for the insurance industry. Depending on its ultimate track, this storm has the potential to become one of the top 5-10 coastal flooding events for folks from the Jersey Shore into Virginia.

A National Weather Service storm surge model forecasts water levels more than 5 feet above normal in parts of New Jersey and New York, rivaling some of the biggest coastal floods in history.

To illustrate the threat posed by this storm, consider that an 8.5 foot tide level would rank in the top 8 tide levels of all time at Cape May, New Jersey. As illustrated by the chart below, the Extratropical water Level Guidance from the National Weather Service, highlights the wind/flood risk associated with storm surge guidance for various cities along the coast. For Cape May, NJ, you’ll see the highest tide cycle for this storm ends up at a water level of about 8.5-8.7 feet.

For historical comparison in the same location, consider that Sandy produced a tide level of 8.9 feet, an October, 2011, storm produced a tide level of 8.7 feet, and a December, 1992, storm produced a tide level of 8.6 feet.

Forecast as of 01/21/2016 9:20: EST (units in feet MLLW)

Insured property along the coast or back bays of New Jersey, Delmarva, and Virginia, are likely to be the most impacted as the storm has the possibility of lasting 2-3 high tide cycles. If the storm track shifts a bit or the intensity changes, we could see these values change. It’s a fluid but serious forecast for the insurance industry: the coast is where the highest winds will hit, and those winds may gust as high as those of a tropical storm. Speaking of winds, expect severe storms to produce wind damage and possibly an isolated tornado across the state of Florida.

Insured Loss Analogs
Historically, the East Coast is no stranger to large nor’easters. In fact, last year’s large snow event and winter time insured losses should be fresh in the insurance industry’s mind given the record breaking snowfall over New England and one of the costliest winters ever for the industry.
On average over a 56-year period, 1.3 nor’easter occur every year, and 2.3 large snow storm events occur as defined by the Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale (NESIS). In the last ten years, these non-inflation adjusted event level losses have averaged out to cost just over $300M per event.
The table below provides a few analog storms that resemble the forecast guidance for the current storm. Right now, the model guidance does not suggest a repeat of the first Superstorm / “Storm of the Century” (March 12 – 15th of 1993) which still stands as the costliest nor’easter to impact the insurance industry.

Source: http://www.eas.slu.edu/CIPS/ANALOG/analog.php

The central and eastern Pacific experiences a lot of year-to-year variability in Sea Surface Temperatures (SST). Some years the water is much warmer (El Niño), and some years the water is much cooler (La Niña). The current phase of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is approaching its peak warmth with near-record SST anomalies. This relatively predictable El Niño weather pattern should help the insurance industry prepare for weather patterns that could cause insured losses this winter.

Although the media often highlights the negative aspects of an El Niño weather pattern, there are many positives for the insurance industry: overall insurance loss data suggests that an El Niño weather pattern generally produces better financial results for the industry than a La Niña weather pattern.

Hurricanes, which are the largest cause of insured loss across the U.S., are a great example to show how El Niño has improved financial results. An El Niño weather pattern increases wind shear over the tropics, which significantly reduces the season’s Atlantic hurricane activity and therefore lowers the probability of a U.S. hurricane making landfall – ultimately leading to lower insured losses overall in El Niño years. However, as hurricane season ends and winter begins, El Niño may impact Florida weather, and consequently the insurance industry, in less financially favorable ways.

Previous El Niño patterns suggest that the Gulf Coast will see cooler and wetter conditions this winter; not because of numerous arctic outbreaks, but because of the stronger influence of the subtropical jet stream. Storm tracks will then move farther south producing more clouds and rain. On the positive side, more precipitation reduces the risk of wildfires across region. On the negative side, these conditions can also lead to severe weather that includes hail and tornadoes.

Figure 1 shows a comparison of storm tracks during El Niño versus La Niña years.

Figure 1. Winter storm tracks in El Niño versus La Niña years. (Source: NWS)

Figure 2 shows that the El Niño severe weather signal is most pronounced in central and south Florida and illustrates increased tornado reports from National Weather Service (NWS) local storm report data for the period, 1950-2014. El Niño years produce 77% more tornadoes than ENSO-neutral years and 53% more tornadoes than La Niña years. Further, it should be noted that Florida tornadoes typically occur in the evening hours which can increase fatalities.

Figure 2. NWS severe weather local storm reports between November and March during Neutral, La Niña, and El Niño years for the period 1950 to 2014 in Central and South Florida (NWS Melbourne, Tampa and Miami Warning Areas).

Property Claims Services report that Florida insured wind and thunderstorm event losses vary drastically between El Niño and La Niña years: a whopping 152% difference between an El Niño year and La Niña year, and an even greater difference (188%) between an El Niño year and ENSO-neutral year. The higher loss levels are driven partly by specific large loss events that impacted Florida during El Niño years. The following tornado outbreaks are prime examples:

• The 1998 February 22 – 23 “Kissimmee” outbreak continues to live in infamy as the deadliest tornado event in Florida history. In all, 12 tornadoes touched down across Central Florida. The strongest was rated EF3 and was one of the strongest tornadoes ever recorded in Florida.
• The 2007 February 2 “Groundhog Day” outbreak was deadly and costly for Sumter, Volusia and Lake Counties and for the insurance industry: it caused over $100 million in insured losses and damaged or destroyed over 2,000 structure.

Tornadoes are highly correlated to the other perils that result from severe thunderstorms, and these other perils such as hail can result in high insured losses. In fact, one of the costliest severe weather events in Florida history was during the 1991-1992 El Niño winter which produced large hail storms that hit the Orlando metro area on March 25. Some locations reported hailstones the size of grapefruit; other locations reported that small hailstones piled up inches deep. At the time this event was the largest insured disaster in the state history; it even topped the notorious hurricane Donna in 1960. Unfortunately, the devastating hail storm was soon eclipsed when Andrew blew through southern Florida later that year.

Of course, global factors other than the ENSO cycle complicate seasonal forecasting. From soil moisture in the U.S. to winds way up in the stratosphere and early winter Eurasian snowpack, these other factors sometimes cancel each other out. However, as shown above, the data suggest that although Florida has not seen the wind blow as a result of a hurricane in over a decade, El Niño could cause the wind to blow from severe thunderstorms that ultimately lead to potentially higher-than-expected severe weather losses across the state.

All week the discussion around the track of hurricane Joaquin has been about the uncertainty. Today the end game for Joaquin is much more certain as Joaquin has now started its northward movement away from the Bahamas where Joaquin grew to an impressive category 4 hurricane. Joaquin is the first category 4 hurricane to hit the Bahamas in October in 149 years (1866) and should easily cause billions in economic loss for the country.

The latest NHC advisory shows Joaquin gaining a bit of latitude, and most forecast model guidance now show that Joaquin will track northeastward away from the U.S. East Coast. There is only a small probability Joaquin will make U.S. landfall, and the NHC cone of uncertainty no longer touches the U.S. coastline. Nantucket, MA, has the highest probability of impact at 14%, with other northeast cities at a lower percentage. Overall, by Monday, Oct 8, Joaquin should be tracking between the U.S. northeast coastline and Bermuda as a weakening hurricane. It should be noted, however, that there is still a possibility that Joaquin could be captured by the coastal nor’easter moving up the coastline this weekend, which could pull Joaquin into New England. But again, the probability of that scenario is low.

There still remains a high flood threat along the East coast as Joaquin funnels tropical moisture northward. Rainfall totals will continue to increase across much of the East Coast with the potential that some locations could experience more than five inches of rain by the end of the weekend with a large part of South Carolina forecasted to experience 10+ inches of rain.

NOAA quantitative precipitation forecast 3 Day Forecast Rainfall amounts.

Minor coastal flooding is already occurring along the East Coast due to strong onshore winds being sandwiched between Joaquin to the south and strong Canadian high pressure to the north. That flooding will likely worsen over the next few days, regardless of the track of Joaquin.

Joaquin has generated more Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE ) in 3 days than all other Atlantic storms during the month of September. Joaquin might have been a bit of a surprise given all the talk that this season is an El Niño year and overall activity should be lower than normal. However, Joaquin did not originate in the deep tropics off the coast of Africa where El Niño has its greatest influence. Instead, El Niño had very little influence on Joaquin because of the location of its origin. Joaquin formed at 27.5 degree north latitude and moved southwestward toward the Bahamas where it was able to feed off the very warm waters of the Bahamas.

The Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential anomalies around are among the highest in the Atlantic basin along the East Coast which will support continued genesis of tropical systems if they form

With 59 days left in the Atlantic hurricane season, we need to watch for more storms like Joaquin that form without El Niño’s calming influence. There is very warm water off the East Coast which will continue to cause headaches for the insurance industry right through the winter. These warm waters can strengthen tropical systems like Joaquin and/or stronger nor’easters like we are seeing this weekend. Historical climatology data suggests typical October tropical cyclone development should occur in the western Caribbean, but given the hostile conditions in the deep tropics due to high wind shear from El Niño, the development will likely be closer to the U.S. Coastline and into the Gulf of Mexico.

Climatological areas to see tropical storm development and the likely tracks of that development

The quote above is often ridiculed, but it’s actually a brilliant description of Joaquin. In fact. the insurance and reinsurance industry are all too familiar with knowns and unknowns. Model uncertainty is part of doing business, and it is common knowledge that all catastrophe models have some degree of unknown error. There has been a push by insurance companies to funnel better location-level data into the catastrophe models in an effort to limit the overall model uncertainty in modeling risk at a location level.

Weather models are similar to catastrophe models in terms of uncertainty: uncertainties exist in every model run; but generally, the more detailed the input, the greater the accuracy of the output. Better input helps limit uncertainties. Already this year we anxiously awaited the arrival of a Tropical Storm Erika as a catastrophic hurricane to impact Florida hurricane, only to watch Erika fizzle a couple hundred miles south of Cuba.

View post on imgur.com

Meteorologist view after every new forecast model run for Hurricane Joaquin

I have highlighted the overall uncertainty in Joaquin’s forecast track all week. As anticipated, we have already seen the model and official forecast for Joaquin change drastically from east to west to back east.  Most arm chair meteorologist are unaware that behind the scenes increasing amounts of data detail are feeding the weather models to try to get a better picture of the overall atmosphere. Extra weather balloons are being launched at sites all over the Eastern U.S and Caribbean. NOAA and the U.S. Air Force have multiple aircraft sampling the environment in and around Joaquin. All this data is being fed into the weather model to hopefully limit overall uncertainty: just like in a catastrophe model.

Ironically, with more detailed input, the overall forecast for Joaquin has become more certain, but yet the overall track options for Joaquin extend past the National Hurricane Center’s (NHC) cone of uncertainty in this case.  In my opinion, Bermuda, which is not even in the cone of uncertainty, is just as likely as Boston to feel Joaquin’s impact.

In the short term, Joaquin will significantly impact the islands of the Bahamas as Joaquin will fluctuate in intensity as a major hurricane for the next 24 – 36 hours. As mentioned yesterday, after 36 hours the door is wide open for several different track paths. A U.S. landfall is still possible, but the new forecast models (that are being fed all this higher resolution data) suggest a more eastward shift in track away from a U.S. landfall.

I consider the ECMWF model (image below -Right) to be very good and reliable, and it illustrates Joaquin moving out to sea and closer to Bermuda. I expect by Friday we will have a much clearer picture of where Joaquin will track this weekend, and with that, insured impacts can start to be calculated.

American (GFS Model) left and the European (ECMWF Model) right ensemble runs which in total is over 75 separate model runs of possible tracks for hurricane Joaquin.

So until the track is known it’s best to focus on what is known:

Hurricane Joaquin rapidly intensified overnight and is now a Category 1 hurricane tracking west toward the Bahamas. As I wrote about yesterday, the forecast uncertainty for Joaquin is extremely high. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) has clearly communicated this uncertainty in their forecast discussions which I have quote below.

“Confidence in the details of the track forecast late in the period remains very low, since the environmental steering currents are complex and not being handled in a consistent manner by the models. Given that a wide range of outcomes is possible, it is too soon to say what impacts, if any, Joaquin will have on the United States.”

Further, the Director of the NHC tweeted:

Until models are consistently in better agreement, the direct impacts, if any, of #Joaquin on US are very uncertain. http://t.co/CrL5cUYcVV

— Dr. Rick Knabb (@NHCDirector) September 30, 2015

Although uncertainties exist, I think it is safe to warn about what the known impacts will be “IF” Joaquin approaches or makes landfall along the East Coast.

We do know that hurricane Joaquin is now located 215 miles east-northeast of the Central Bahamas and will continue to strengthen into what will likely be a major hurricane off the East Coast by Saturday. In fact, water temperatures near Joaquin are currently at all-time record warm levels and could, if all other factors align, easily support a Category 5 hurricane. In fact, a high-end Category 3 or 4 is now likely for Joaquin, which would pack sustained winds of more than 120 mph over the Bahamas. However, it should be noted that regardless of the hurricane’s strength over the Bahamas, as hurricanes move northward out of the deep tropics, climatology suggests they tend to weaken and speeds up. How much Joaquin could weaken is still unknown. Therefore it is still premature to estimate a landfall location and insured impacts along the East Coast.

Regardless of storm strength, as an East Coast hurricane, Joaquin will create large waves, and the stronger the hurricane, the larger the waves will be. In this case, a constant on shore flow will cause extensive beach erosion along the coastline and impact coast properties.

GFW wavewatch model with 45-50 foot waves off NC coast, 20 plus all the way to Long island by early Sunday AM

Depending on the final track and if Joaquin makes landfall, a large storm surge will likely accompany Joaquin. In fact, the devastating current possibility that Joaquin could track up the Chesapeake or Delaware Bays can’t be ruled out. This type of storm track has been modeled to produce devastating storm surge for these coastal bay waters, and the already high water levels from rainfall and a near super moon will not help the situation.

In addition to the torrential rainfall currently impacting much of the East Coast, some models are forecasting more rain depending on Joaquin’s forecast track. Some forecast models produce an additional 8 – 10” of rain on top of saturated ground. And with already high river levels, some major river flooding can be expected.

A foot of rain—or more—is possible across much of the East Coast this week as Hurricane Joaquin approaches.

In summary, the uncertainty in the current track forecast cannot be understated, and it is not even represented well by the official track forecast by the NHC. Unfortunately in this situation, the spread in the forecast models is far greater in size than the cone of uncertainty in the official forecast by the NHC. As the image below shows there are still several models including the very good and reliable ECMWF (not shown) that take Joaquin out to sea.  I expect by Friday we will have a much clearer picture of where Joaquin will track this weekend, and with that, insured impacts can start to be calculated.

GFS Ensemble model shows 2 distinct solution clusters for storm tracks Door #1 up the east coast. Door #2 out to sea.

As you might have noticed TS Joaquin has been named by the NHC and is currently 425 miles East Northeast of the Bahamas.

I have been saying since the start of the season the main threat this year is along the East Coast of the U.S which follows the pattern over the last several years. Joaquin is forecasted to move closer to the East Coast this week and with it is the threat of a tropical system impacting the East Coast of the U.S. Though the forecast remains very uncertain, heavy rain, coastal flooding and strong winds are possible for the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast starting Friday with upwards of 12” of rain are forecasted to fall by the end of this weekend regardless of the strength of Joaquin.

Though it’s too soon to tell exactly where the storm will head and how strong it will get by the weekend, the possibility remains that Tropical Storm Joaquin could become a weak to major hurricane just off the Eastern Seaboard on Saturday morning. Much like we saw with TS Erika earlier this year the forecast models are handling this storm poorly and there is extremely low confidence in the forecast at this given time.

Above is view of the very wide range in the model forecasts for the storm’s future track. This makes identifying a “most likely” track all the more challenging. Note the tremendous divergence of possibilities, including several models that hook this storm toward the left (west), with potential landfall anywhere from the Outer Banks to Boston. The NHC OFCL track is in the middle of the guidance.

The intensity forecast remains equally problematic. The guidance spread is shown above, which shows the official NHC OFCL intensity remains conservative at 70 mph as the storm comes within striking range of the Mid-Atlantic coastline.

But a sizable number of models do intensify this storm into a Category 1 or 2 hurricane, which the National Hurricane Center notes in their discussion. The rationale for strengthening is the potential for wind shear over the storm to decrease. Wind shear is detrimental to tropical cyclones, and if it weakens it could allow the storm to strengthen to its full potential over the warm waters which are currently at the warmest levels ever measured since weather records began in 1880.

Regardless of the forecast model of the day. The situation is ugly with a similar set up that brought Hurricane Sandy up the East Coast of the U.S in the fall of 2012 which leads me to think the probability of Joaquin impacting the East Coast of the U.S. is higher than the storm tracking out to sea. I also feel the NHC is too conservative on intensity and the NHC should adjust this upward over the next few days.

Even if Joaquin doesn’t make landfall as a hurricane or tropical storm, this meteorological setup is nearly ideal for a high-impact flood event later this week across the core of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. Comparing the current pattern with similar historical weather patterns, one of the leading analogs right now is Hurricane Irene in 2011, which produced catastrophic flooding in upstate New York and New England. Other matches include the merging of Tropical Storm Tammy and a subtropical depression in October 2005 and the remnants of Tropical Storm Nicole in 2010. Therefore the rainfall of the 10” – 12” in parts of East Coast states will lead to some of the worst flooding not seen in several years.

Again, there is significant uncertainty in the forecast for this storm, and we will probably continue to see the models toss and turn over the next 24 to 48 hours. Big swings in track and intensity are possible. Social media is abuzz with discussion of a big East Coast hit, but any serious discussion should be tempered at this point concerning specific model solutions. This is something to watch and monitor closely for the rest of this week as this complex forecast situation resolves.

Tropical Storm Erika continues to defy forecasts made earlier in the week. At this point in time Erika was supposed to be much further north of the island of Hispaniola and in a much better overall environment for intensification. However, Erika is currently 90 miles southeast of Santo Domingo, DominicaRepublic, in an environment that is not at all conductive to tropical cyclone development.

TS Erika NHC forecast made Tuesday afternoon showing the track error as Erika continues to defy forecasts

This further westward movement calls for drastic changes to the probabilities forecast options provided in my last update as we play another round of model roulette. In the last update I highlighted the overall uncertainties in tropical cyclone forecasting, and Erika has definitely met expectations with regard to those uncertainties.

Tropical Storm Erika continues to battle an incredibly unfavorable environment. The wind shear, which acts to tear apart tropical cyclones, is already quite strong – about 20 mph from the west – and it is forecast to increase to nearly 30 mph today. That amount of shear is hard for a well-developed storm to fend off, and Erika isn’t even well developed , which increases the overall probability of dissipation.

Erika is in a area of 20 kts shear and is moving into an areas where shear could be as high as 30 kts. Tropical storms / hurricanes don’t like areas of high shear.

If Erika manages to make it over the mountains of Hispaniola intact and fight of this high shear area, she could quickly intensify again in the extremely warm waters off the coast of Florida. In fact history would suggest a tropical storm tracking up the west coast of Florida could be quite destructive such as the 1935 Labor Day hurricane.

Here is my updated break down of Erika’s forecast options at the moment:

• Stalled hurricane in the Bahamas (0% chance) – Unlike the last update, this is now the least likely option for Erika, given its westward track.
• Hurricane landfall in south Florida (30% chance) – A category 1 hurricane near south Florida on Monday morning with the storm stalling over the state of Florida during the middle of next week.  This would caused 6-8” or rain to fall over much of the state.
• Tropical storm landfall in south Florida, but a hurricane on the Florida panhandle (35% chance) – Maintain a west-northwest heading, gradually intensifying and heading for south Florida as a tropical storm. Then tracking into the western Gulf of Mexico and becoming a hurricane along the west coast of Florida and into the Florida panhandle.
• Death in the Caribbean (35% chance) – Failure to reach the mainland U.S.; and the storm stays further south and tracks over Hispaniola, Cuba, and maybe even northern Jamaica.

Once again there are forecast uncertainties and one can’t rule out Erika playing more forecasting tricks over the weekend as this weak disorganized system tries to stay alive. Hispaniola is historically a tropical cyclone blender.  If the NHC forecast is correct with a tropical storm landfall or close encounter to Florida much of the state may well be affected by the storm’s rainfall.  The last tropical cyclone to make landfall on south Florida was tropical storm Bonnie on July 23, 2010. Before that, the previous one was tropical storm Ernesto on August 30, 2006.  So indeed named storm activity has been very sparse since the wild 2004 and 2005 seasons.

Remember that  tropical storms are still quite capable of causing flash floods and power outages, as well as coastal erosion and flooding, and the winds can throw around unsecured loose objects. Tropical cyclones can also cause insured loss, case in point tropical storm Bill impacting Texas earlier this June.

Looking ahead there are no other tropical systems that should develop in the Atlantic Ocean next week.